Enormous advances have been made in the last few decades in understanding how primal emotions are organized in the brain. This knowledge is changing the scientific foundations of psychiatry and psychotherapy, leading to a revolution in the treatment of emotional disturbances that accompany mental illnesses. This workshop will focus on how an affective neuroscientific understanding of the emotional foundations of human minds heralds a new era of diagnostics and practices and facilitate the development of new affective symptom-based clinical interventions. This knowledge allows us to focus more directly and effectively on the emotional problems of clients, and provides new insights on how to re-establish positive affective balance, using the natural plasticity of the human MindBrain. It will also highlight various new biomedical therapies, from newly developed medicines to those that optimally support psychotherapeutic initiatives.